LEXICOLOGY COURSE
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The origin of english words. (Lecture 3) презентация
Содержание
- 1. The origin of english words. (Lecture 3)
- 2. The questions under consideration 1. The
- 3. The questions under consideration 4. Three stages
- 4. 1. The historical circumstances which stimulate the
- 5. Examples of the many words that have
- 6. What are the conditions which encourage the
- 7. The nature of contact may be different.
- 8. The nature of contact may be different.
- 9. Why are words borrowed? to fill
- 10. Examples (to fill a gap in vocabulary)
- 11. Examples (to represent the same concept in
- 12. Examples (to accompany cultural elements) In
- 13. Borrowed words become completely absorbed into the
- 14. Borrowed words haven’t changed Some words and
- 15. Borrowed words have changed their meaning e.g.
- 16. two main problems connected with the vocabulary
- 17. Etymology (definition) Etymology (from Greek etymon "truth"
- 18. Structure of the English vocabulary The
- 19. 2. Native Words words that are not
- 20. The Native Element By the Native
- 21. Examples of native words The native element
- 22. Grammatical structure the grammatical structure is essentially Germanic having remained unaffected by foreign influence
- 23. Old English, or Anglo-Saxon Old English, or
- 24. Examples of Old English words Many of
- 25. Old English words Many Old English words
- 26. Indo-European Element: since English belongs to
- 27. semantic groups words expressing family relations: father,
- 28. semantic groups heavenly bodies (небесные тела): sun,
- 29. Common Germanic words are not to
- 30. Common Germanic words nouns: hand, life, sea,
- 31. Common Germanic words parts of the human
- 32. The Indo-European and Germanic The Indo-European and
- 33. The English proper element Firstly, it
- 34. What are cognates? Cognates are words of
- 35. examples of English proper words These
- 36. the English proper element words which
- 37. 3. Borrowings (What does the word borrowing
- 38. What is the percentage of borrowed words
- 39. 3.1.The earliest group of English borrowings (WHY?)
- 40. What did Germanic tribes borrow? Latin words
- 41. 3.2.Celtic borrowings. The fifth century A.D. (Why?)
- 42. Celtic borrowings (Modern English bald, down,
- 43. 3.3.The period of Cristianization. The seventh century
- 44. Borrowings from church Latin priest (священник),
- 45. 4. Three stages of assimilation Most of
- 46. Bear traces of their foreign background
- 47. Assimilation Partially assimilated words are taiga, phenomena,
- 48. the three main areas of adaptation
- 49. the phonetic adaptation fully adapted to the
- 50. the phonetic adaptation phonetic adaptation is not
- 51. The grammatical adaptation is a complete
- 52. The semantic adaptation is an adjustment
- 53. The semantic adaptation there was no place
The questions under consideration
1. The historical circumstances which stimulate the borrowing process 2. Native Words 3. Borrowings 3.1. The earliest group of English borrowings 3.2. Celtic borrowings. The
Слайд 1LECTURE 3 THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS www.philology.bsu.by/кафедры/кафедра английского языкознания/учебные материалы/кафедра английского
языкознания/папки преподавателей/Толстоухова В.Ф.
Слайд 2The questions under consideration
1. The historical circumstances which stimulate the borrowing
process
2. Native Words
3. Borrowings
3.1. The earliest group of English borrowings
3.2. Celtic borrowings. The fifth century A.D.
3.3. The period of Cristianization. The seventh century A.D.
3.4. The characteristic features of Scandinavian borrowings
3.5. Norman French borrowings (1066)
3.6. The Renaissance Period
3.7.Modern period
2. Native Words
3. Borrowings
3.1. The earliest group of English borrowings
3.2. Celtic borrowings. The fifth century A.D.
3.3. The period of Cristianization. The seventh century A.D.
3.4. The characteristic features of Scandinavian borrowings
3.5. Norman French borrowings (1066)
3.6. The Renaissance Period
3.7.Modern period
Слайд 3The questions under consideration
4. Three stages of assimilation
5. International words
6. Etymological
Doublets
7. Translation-loans
8.Interrelations between etymological and stylistic characteristics of English words
7. Translation-loans
8.Interrelations between etymological and stylistic characteristics of English words
Слайд 41. The historical circumstances which stimulate the borrowing process
A borrowing
(a loan word) is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.
The period of borrowing (more than 1,000 years. )
Quantity (up to 80 per cent of the English vocabulary consists of borrowed words).It is due to the specific conditions of the English language development.
The period of borrowing (more than 1,000 years. )
Quantity (up to 80 per cent of the English vocabulary consists of borrowed words).It is due to the specific conditions of the English language development.
Слайд 5Examples of the many words that have come into use during
XX century
Atomic,
cybernetics,
jeans,
khaki,
sputnik,
perestroika
Слайд 6What are the conditions which encourage the borrowing process ?
Each time
two nations come into close contact, certain borrowings are a natural consequence.
Слайд 7The nature of contact may be different.
It may be wars,
invasions or conquests
when foreign words are in effect imposed upon the reluctant conquered nation.
E.g.The Norman culture of the 11th c. was certainly superior to that of the Saxons. The result was that an immense number of French words forced their way into English vocabulary.
when foreign words are in effect imposed upon the reluctant conquered nation.
E.g.The Norman culture of the 11th c. was certainly superior to that of the Saxons. The result was that an immense number of French words forced their way into English vocabulary.
Слайд 8The nature of contact may be different.
There are also periods of
peace when the process of borrowing is due to trade and international cultural relations.
These latter circumstances are certainly more favourable for stimulating the borrowing process, for during invasions and occupations the natural psycological reaction of the oppressed nation is to reject and condemn the language of the oppressor.
These latter circumstances are certainly more favourable for stimulating the borrowing process, for during invasions and occupations the natural psycological reaction of the oppressed nation is to reject and condemn the language of the oppressor.
Слайд 9Why are words borrowed?
to fill a gap in vocabulary
to
represent the same concept in some new aspect
to accompany cultural elements borrowed from one culture by another
to accompany cultural elements borrowed from one culture by another
Слайд 10Examples (to fill a gap in vocabulary)
When the Saxons borrowed
Latin words for butter, plum, beet, they did it because their own vocabulary lacked words for these new objects.
For the same reason the words potato and tomato were borrowed by English from Spanish when these vegetables were first brought to England by the Spaniards.
For the same reason the words potato and tomato were borrowed by English from Spanish when these vegetables were first brought to England by the Spaniards.
Слайд 11Examples (to represent the same concept in some new aspect )
This
type of borrowing enlarges groups of synonyms and greatly provides to enrich the expressive resources of the vocabulary. That is how the Latin cordial was added to the native friendly, the French desire to wish and the French adore to like and love.
Слайд 12Examples (to accompany cultural elements)
In English a material culture word
rouge was borrowed from French, a social culture word republic from Latin, and religious culture word baptize from Greek.
Слайд 13Borrowed words become completely absorbed into the system
so that they
are not recognized by speakers of the language as foreign. Few people realize that tomato is of Aztec origin.
Слайд 14Borrowed words haven’t changed
Some words and phrases have retained their original
spelling, pronunciation and foreign identity, for example: rendezvous, coup, gourmet, detente (French); status quo, ego, curriculum vitae, bona fide (Latin); patio, macho (Spanish); kindergarten, blitz (German,); kowtow, tea (Chinese,); incognito, bravo (Italian).
Слайд 15Borrowed words have changed their meaning
e.g. mind originally meant "memory", and
this meaning survives in the phrases "to keep in mind", "time out of mind", etc. The word brown preserves its old meaning of "gloomy" in the phrase "in a brown study". There are instances when a word acquires a meaning opposite to its original one, e.g. nice meant "silly" some hundreds of years ago.
Слайд 16two main problems connected with the vocabulary of a language
the
origin of the words,
their development in the language
their development in the language
Слайд 17Etymology (definition)
Etymology (from Greek etymon "truth" + logos "learning") is a
branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of words tracing them to their earliest determinable source.
Слайд 18Structure of the English vocabulary
The etymological structure of the English
vocabulary consists of the native element (Indo-European and Germanic) and the borrowed elements.
Слайд 192. Native Words
words that are not borrowed from other languages (the
Native Element)
the earliest recorded form of the English language (Old English, or Anglo-Saxon)
words of Indo-European origin (Indo-European Element )
are not to be found in other Indo-European languages but the Germanic (Common Germanic words)
words appeared in the English vocabulary in the 5th century (The English proper element )
the earliest recorded form of the English language (Old English, or Anglo-Saxon)
words of Indo-European origin (Indo-European Element )
are not to be found in other Indo-European languages but the Germanic (Common Germanic words)
words appeared in the English vocabulary in the 5th century (The English proper element )
Слайд 20The Native Element
By the Native Element we understand words that
are not borrowed from other languages. A native word is a word that belongs to the Old English word-stock. The Native Element is the basic element, though it constitutes only up to 20-25% of the English vocabulary.
Слайд 21Examples of native words
The native element in English comprises a large
number of high-frequency words like
the articles,
prepositions,
pronouns,
conjunctions,
auxiliaries and
words denoting everyday objects and ideas (e.g. house, child, water, go, come, eat, good, bad, etc.).
the articles,
prepositions,
pronouns,
conjunctions,
auxiliaries and
words denoting everyday objects and ideas (e.g. house, child, water, go, come, eat, good, bad, etc.).
Слайд 22Grammatical structure
the grammatical structure is essentially Germanic having remained unaffected by
foreign influence
Слайд 23Old English, or Anglo-Saxon
Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded
form of the English language. It was spoken from about A.D. 600 until about A.D. 1100, and most of its words had been part of a still earlier form of the language.
Слайд 24Examples of Old English words
Many of the common words of modern
English, like home, stone, and meat are native, or Old English, words.
Most of the irregular verbs in English derive from Old English (speak, swim, drive, ride, sing),
as do most of the English shorter numerals (two, three, six, ten) and
most of the pronouns (I, you, we, who).
Most of the irregular verbs in English derive from Old English (speak, swim, drive, ride, sing),
as do most of the English shorter numerals (two, three, six, ten) and
most of the pronouns (I, you, we, who).
Слайд 25Old English words
Many Old English words can be traced back to
Indo-European, a prehistoric language that was the common ancestor of Greek and Latin as well. Others came into Old English as it was becoming a separate language.
Слайд 26Indo-European Element:
since English belongs to the Germanic branch of the
Indo-European group of languages, the oldest words in English are of Indo-European origin. They form part of the basic word stock of all Indo-European languages. There are several semantic groups:
Слайд 27semantic groups
words expressing family relations: father, mother, son, daughter, brother;
names of
parts of the human body: foot, eye, ear, nose, tongue, lip, heart;
names of trees, birds, animals: tree, birch, cow, wolf, cat, swine, goose;
names expressing basic actions: to come, to know, to sit, to work;
plants: tree, birch (ср. р. берёза), corn;
time of day: day, night;
names of trees, birds, animals: tree, birch, cow, wolf, cat, swine, goose;
names expressing basic actions: to come, to know, to sit, to work;
plants: tree, birch (ср. р. берёза), corn;
time of day: day, night;
Слайд 28semantic groups
heavenly bodies (небесные тела): sun, moon, star;
words expressing qualities: new,
red, quick, right, glad, sad;
numerals: from one to a hundred;
pronouns – personal (except they which is a Scandinavian borrowing), demonstrative.
numerous verbs: be (ср. русск. быть), stand (стоять), sit (сидеть), eat (есть), know.
numerals: from one to a hundred;
pronouns – personal (except they which is a Scandinavian borrowing), demonstrative.
numerous verbs: be (ср. русск. быть), stand (стоять), sit (сидеть), eat (есть), know.
Слайд 29Common Germanic words
are not to be found in other Indo-European
languages but the Germanic. They constitute a very large layer of the vocabulary
Слайд 30Common Germanic words
nouns: hand, life, sea, ship, meal, winter, ground, coal,
goat;
adjectives: heavy, deep, free, broad, sharp, grey, green, blue, white, small, high, old, good;
verbs: to buy, to drink, to find, to forget, to go, to have, to live, to make, see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make;
pronouns: all, each, he, self, such;
adverbs: again, forward, near,
prepositions: after, at, by, over, under, from, for.
adjectives: heavy, deep, free, broad, sharp, grey, green, blue, white, small, high, old, good;
verbs: to buy, to drink, to find, to forget, to go, to have, to live, to make, see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make;
pronouns: all, each, he, self, such;
adverbs: again, forward, near,
prepositions: after, at, by, over, under, from, for.
Слайд 31Common Germanic words
parts of the human body: head, hand, arm, finger,
bone.
animals: bear, fox, calf.
plants: oak, fir, grass.
natural phenomena: rain, frost.
seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer (autumn is a French borrowing).
landscape features: sea, land.
human dwellings and furniture: house, room, bench.
sea-going vessels: boat, ship.
animals: bear, fox, calf.
plants: oak, fir, grass.
natural phenomena: rain, frost.
seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer (autumn is a French borrowing).
landscape features: sea, land.
human dwellings and furniture: house, room, bench.
sea-going vessels: boat, ship.
Слайд 32The Indo-European and Germanic
The Indo-European and Germanic groups are so old
that they cannot be dated. The tribal languages of the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes, by the time of their migration, contained only words of Indo-European and Germanic roots plus a certain number of the earliest Latin borrowings.
Слайд 33The English proper element
Firstly, it can be approximately dated. The
words of this group appeared in the English vocabulary in the 5th century or later, that is after the Germanic tribes migrated to the British Isles. Secondly, these words have another distinctive feature: they are specifically English having no cognates in other languages
Слайд 34What are cognates?
Cognates are words of the same etymological root, of
common origin. For Indo-European and Germanic words such cognates can always be found, as, for instance, for the following words of the Indo-European group.
Star: Germ. Stern, Lat. Stella, Gr. aster.
Sad: Germ, satt, Lat. satis, R. сыт, Snscr. sā-.
Stand: Germ, stehen, Lat. stare, R. стоять, Snscr. stha-.
Star: Germ. Stern, Lat. Stella, Gr. aster.
Sad: Germ, satt, Lat. satis, R. сыт, Snscr. sā-.
Stand: Germ, stehen, Lat. stare, R. стоять, Snscr. stha-.
Слайд 35examples of English proper words
These words stand quite alone in
the vocabulary system of Indo-European languages. They are not numerous but unique: bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, daisy, always.
Слайд 36the English proper element
words which were made after the 5th
century according to English word-building patterns both from native and borrowed morphemes. For instance, the adjective beautiful built from the French borrowed root and the native suffix belongs to the English proper element. It is natural, that the quantity of such words is immense.
Слайд 373. Borrowings (What does the word borrowing mean?)
the process by which
a borrowed word came into the vocabulary of one language from another
the result of this process, that is a borrowed word itself
the result of this process, that is a borrowed word itself
Слайд 38What is the percentage of borrowed words in the English vocabulary?
Many
scholars estimate the percentage of borrowed words in the English vocabulary at 65 - 70 per cent.
Слайд 393.1.The earliest group of English borrowings (WHY?)
Europe is occupied by the
Roman Empire.
Among the inhabitants of the continent are Germanic tribes. (a rather primitive stage of development )
Among the inhabitants of the continent are Germanic tribes. (a rather primitive stage of development )
Слайд 40What did Germanic tribes borrow?
Latin words to name foodstuffs (butter and
cheese)
Latin names of fruits and vegetables enter their vocabularies: cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, pepper
The word plant is also a Latin borrowing of this period
Latin names of fruits and vegetables enter their vocabularies: cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, pepper
The word plant is also a Latin borrowing of this period
Слайд 413.2.Celtic borrowings. The fifth century A.D. (Why?)
Several of the Germanic tribes
(the most numerous being the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes) migrated to the British Isles.
Through their numerous contacts with the defeated Celts, the conquerors got to know and assimilated a number of Celtic words
Through their numerous contacts with the defeated Celts, the conquerors got to know and assimilated a number of Celtic words
Слайд 42Celtic borrowings
(Modern English bald, down, glen (лощина), druid (кельтский жрец),
bard, cradle (колыбель).
place names, names of rivers, hills
the name of the English capital London originates from Celtic
place names, names of rivers, hills
the name of the English capital London originates from Celtic
Слайд 433.3.The period of Cristianization. The seventh century A.D.
This century was
significant for the christianization of England. Latin was the official language of the Christian church.
Latin borrowings came from church Latin. They mostly indicated persons, objects and ideas associated with church and religious rituals.
Latin borrowings came from church Latin. They mostly indicated persons, objects and ideas associated with church and religious rituals.
Слайд 44Borrowings from church Latin
priest (священник), bishop (епископ), monk (монах), nun
(монахиня), candle (свеча), dean, cross, alter, abbot.
educational terms (the first schools in England were church schools, the first teachers – priests and monks
educational terms (the first schools in England were church schools, the first teachers – priests and monks
Слайд 454. Three stages of assimilation
Most of the borrowed words adjust themselves
to their new environment. They are assimilated. The foreign origin of a word is quite unrecognizable.
It is difficult to believe that such words as dinner, cat, take, cup, travel, sport, street are not English by origin.
It is difficult to believe that such words as dinner, cat, take, cup, travel, sport, street are not English by origin.
Слайд 46Bear traces of their foreign background
Distance and development, for instance,
are identified as borrowings by their French suffixes,
skin and sky by the Scandinavian initial sk,
police and regime by the French stress on the last syllable.
skin and sky by the Scandinavian initial sk,
police and regime by the French stress on the last syllable.
Слайд 47Assimilation
Partially assimilated words are taiga, phenomena, police
Unassimilated words are coup
d'etat, tete-a-tete, ennui, eclat.
Слайд 49the phonetic adaptation
fully adapted to the phonetic system of the English
language
bear no phonetic traces of their French origin
table, plate, courage
bear no phonetic traces of their French origin
table, plate, courage
Слайд 50the phonetic adaptation
phonetic adaptation is not completed.
borrowings still sound surprisingly French
regime,
valise (саквояж, чемодан),
matinee,
cafe,
ballet.
Слайд 51The grammatical adaptation
is a complete change of the former paradigm
of the borrowed word
Renaissance borrowings cup, plum, street, wall were fully adapted to the grammatical system of the language
but datum (pl. data), phenomenon (pl. phenomena), пальто hasn’t changed
(a lasting process)
Renaissance borrowings cup, plum, street, wall were fully adapted to the grammatical system of the language
but datum (pl. data), phenomenon (pl. phenomena), пальто hasn’t changed
(a lasting process)
Слайд 52The semantic adaptation
is an adjustment to the system of meanings
of the vocabulary.
E.g. semantic adjustment
gay was borrowed from French in several meanings at once: noble of birth, bright, shining, multi-coloured.
Rather soon it developed the meaning joyful, high-spirited in which sense it became a synonym of the native merry.
E.g. semantic adjustment
gay was borrowed from French in several meanings at once: noble of birth, bright, shining, multi-coloured.
Rather soon it developed the meaning joyful, high-spirited in which sense it became a synonym of the native merry.
Слайд 53The semantic adaptation
there was no place in the vocabulary for the
former meanings of gay, but the group with the general meaning of high spirits obviously lacked certain shades which were supplied by gay.
