The First Germanic Sound Shift Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law презентация

sounds as a proof of linguistic kinship.
He was the first to recognize the relationship between the languages now called Germanic.
But he did not see the complete regularity of the development of sounds.

Jacob Grimm deepened and systemized R. Rask’s observations. The First Germanic Sound Shift is named after him and is known as Grimm’s Law.
Grimm’s law concerns an unconditioned (необусловленный фонетическим окружением) sound change that affects all Indo-European stops in the Germanic languages.

as three consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift.
Comparing words of Germanic languages with the corresponding words of other IE languages (Russian, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, etc.), linguists find correspondences between them, which may be represented by the following chart:

k, kw

Latin: pēs, pedis,
Sanskrit: pāda,
Russian: под (pod).
Latin: tertius

Latin: canis

Latin: quod,
Irish: cad,
Sanskrit: kád

Germ. f, Ѳ (þ), h, hw

English: foot,
German: Fuß,
Gothic: fōtus.
English: third,
Gothic: þridja.
English: hound,
German: Hund
English: what,
Gothic: ƕa ("hwa"),
Icelandic: hvað

t, k].

IE b, d, g, gw

Rus. слаб(ый)
Rus. бол(ото)
Latin: decem
Sanskrit: daśan
Russian: десять
Lat. ego

Lithuanian: gyvas

Germ. p, t, k, kw/k

ModE. sleep
ModE. pool
English: ten
Danish, Norwegian: ti
Swedish: tio
Gth. ik
OE ic
English: quick
Danish: kvi

d, g].

IE bh, dh, gh

Sanskrit: bhrātār


Sanskrit: mádhu 'honey‘
 
IE*ghwermos/ghwormos

Germ. Ђ, ð, γ > b, d, g

English: brother
German: Bruder
Gothic: broþar
English: mead
Swedish: mjöd
English: warm
Dutch, German: warm, Swedish: varm

hw


IE b, d, g, gw Germ. p, t, k, kw/k


IE bh, dh, gh, ghw Germ. b, d, g, gw

the sound [s]:
Lat. piscis Gth. Fisks
2. Only the first of a group of voiceless stops changed to a spirant:
Lat. octo Gth. ahtau
Lat. noctis Gth. nahts

and other Indo-European languages of Europe and western Asia.
The law was a systematic and coherent formulation, well supported by examples. It is important for historical linguistics because it clearly demonstrates the principle that sound change is a regular phenomenon and not a random process affecting only some words.

historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s, *h, *hʷ, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became respectively the fricatives *b, *d, *z, *g, *gʷ [Ђ, ð, γ ].

in its operation.
Grimm's law apparently ‘fails’, i.e. where instead of the expected voiceless spirants we get something different. We find this in simple words like OE fæder ‘father’ and mōdor ‘mother’. Judging by Lat. pater and māter, we would expect *fæþer and mōþor.
Karl Verner was the first scholar to point out the factor governing these irregularities.

the position of the accent in the IE word.
In Indo-European, accent was ‘free’; it could occur on any syllable of the word.
In Germanic, accent fell on the first syllable of the lexical root.

(< [p, t, k]) and [s] were voiced and became [Ђ, ð, γ ] and [z]; and, later on, [Ђ, ð, γ ] > [b, d, g], e.g.:
Rus. свекровь Germ. Schwieger
IE *pa′ter > Early PG *fa′θar > *fa′ðar > Late PG ′faðar

effected.
After an unstressed vowel, [s] in Germanic languages becomes voiced [z].
This [z] becomes [r] in West Germanic and North Germanic languages (but not in Gothic). This change ([z > r]) is termed ‘rhotacism’ (the Greek letter ‘rho’).
Lith. ausis, Gth. auso > OE. ēare, ModE. ear
Gth. maiza > OE. māra, ModE. more