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Philosophy of the XX century. (Lecture 10) презентация
Содержание
- 1. Philosophy of the XX century. (Lecture 10)
- 2. Philosophy of the 20th century contains many
- 3. Attention to human being; Worry for destiny of mankind; Global problems of mankind;
- 4. analysis of mankind united with nature, the
- 5. One of the currents was pragmatism, appeared
- 6. The founder: Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), American philosopher, physicist and mathematician
- 7. He is the author of numerous works,
- 8. Pierce tried to create a philosophical system
- 9. For achievement this, he wanted to turn
- 10. Peirce defined “reality” as something that opens
- 11. Pierce has had a significant influence on his fellow countryman William James (1842-1910)
- 12. James argued that if the hypothesis of
- 13. He also tells the truth as a
- 14. John Dewey (1859—1952) Involved a pragmatic interpretation of the scientific method.
- 15. According to him, we need to establish
- 16. c) it is theoretically possible to trace
- 17. Analytic philosophy
- 18. It is possible to present analytical philosophy
- 19. - as the way of philosophizing which
- 20. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) “… the
- 21. From the first half of 19 century
- 22. Four directions of positivism: 1.
- 23. 2. Empiriocriticism. Representatives: Ernest Mah
- 24. 3. Neopositivism or logic positivism. Representatives: Friedrich Frege , Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein (analysis language)
- 25. 4. Postpositivism. Representatives: Charles Popper, Thomas Kun, Imre Lakatos, Pol Fejerabend, ect. (scientific history analysis).
- 26. Phänomenologie
- 27. Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) “Cartesian Meditations”
- 28. Developed by Husserl, phenomenology is a phenomenology of consciousness
- 29. Consciousness experience is that primary experience in which “things” are given us.
- 30. Edmund Husserl developed concepts such as phenomenological reduction (Epoché), eidos, Intersubjectivity, intention
- 31. Existentialism
- 32. The existentialism developed: in Russia (L.Shestov, N.Berdyaev),
- 33. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) “Being and Time”
- 34. dasein, (here-being) das Man, Intentionality existentiality (presence-присутствие)
- 35. The sense to human existence, on Heidegger,
- 36. Confirming unity of time and life, Heidegger
- 37. Hermeneutics
- 38. Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834)
- 39. He promoted hermeneutics development as an independent
- 40. Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911) tried to develop
- 41. Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900-2002) Occupied concepts of “situation” and “horizon” of knowledge.
- 42. Postmodernism
- 43. Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) Deconstructivism, differance “On Grammatology”
- 44. Deconstruction is directed on overcoming of the
- 45. Michel Foucault (1926-1984) “The Order of Things”
- 46. Theory of epistemes (types of thinking)
Philosophy of the 20th century contains many different areas of philosophy. These philosophical schools and directions reflect a number of common trends in the development of humanity in our time:
Слайд 2Philosophy of the 20th century contains many different areas of philosophy.
These philosophical schools and directions reflect a number of common trends in the development of humanity in our time:
Слайд 4analysis of mankind united with nature, the cosmos, God
search for cultural
and spiritual basis for the further development of mankind
Слайд 5One of the currents was pragmatism, appeared in the United States
and spread in France, England, Italy, Russia
Слайд 6The founder: Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), American philosopher, physicist and mathematician
Слайд 7He is the author of numerous works, most of which were
unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. It was managed to complete only one major work that is “Great logic”
Слайд 8Pierce tried to create a philosophical system which would take into
account the methods and results of science, and everything fits (согласовываться) to Christianity.
Слайд 9For achievement this, he wanted to turn metaphysics into a rigorous
(строгая) science, and then prove that science presupposes a metaphysical doctrine, and it is compatible (совместимо) with religion.
Слайд 10Peirce defined “reality” as something that opens up the endless process
of scientific investigation. Our knowledge of reality is fragmented knowledge.
Слайд 12James argued that if the hypothesis of the existence of God
is “working” it is true. On this basis, he proposed an approach, which he called “pragmatic” theism.
Слайд 13He also tells the truth as a convenient (удобный) way of
thinking.
The views of James also got the name “radical empiricism”.
The views of James also got the name “radical empiricism”.
Слайд 15According to him, we need to establish
a) the specifics of
problem situation,
b) then put forward a hypothesis or plan of its solution,
b) then put forward a hypothesis or plan of its solution,
Слайд 16c) it is theoretically possible to trace (проследить) all the consequences
of the proposed solution,
d) after there comes a period of carrying out and experimental verification of hypotheses.
d) after there comes a period of carrying out and experimental verification of hypotheses.
Слайд 18It is possible to present analytical philosophy in the double image:
- as a prevailing current thought in the English-speaking countries of XX century;
Слайд 19- as the way of philosophizing which is guided by ideals
of clearness, accuracy and logic severity (строгость).
Слайд 20Ludwig Wittgenstein
(1889-1951)
“… the purpose of philosophy is logic clearing
of thoughts…”
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Слайд 21From the first half of 19 century positivism has appeared as
a new methodology of science, which has four stages of its development.
Слайд 22Four directions of positivism:
1. The first (classical) positivism. The
founder: Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Representatives: John Stewart Mill, Herbert Spenser.
Слайд 232. Empiriocriticism.
Representatives:
Ernest Mah
(1838-1916),
Rihard Avenarius
(1843-1896)
(crisis of classic
physics).
Слайд 243. Neopositivism or logic positivism. Representatives: Friedrich Frege , Bertrand Russell,
Ludwig Wittgenstein (analysis language)
Слайд 254. Postpositivism. Representatives: Charles Popper, Thomas Kun, Imre Lakatos, Pol Fejerabend,
ect. (scientific history analysis).
Слайд 30Edmund Husserl developed concepts such as phenomenological reduction (Epoché), eidos, Intersubjectivity,
intention
Слайд 32The existentialism developed:
in Russia (L.Shestov, N.Berdyaev),
in Germany (K.Jaspers),
in France
(J.-P.Sartre, Albert Camus, G.Marsel, etc.)
Слайд 35The sense to human existence, on Heidegger, gives its extremity (конечность),
temporariness. Therefore time should be considered as the most essential characteristic of life.
Слайд 36Confirming unity of time and life, Heidegger proves that anything real,
except a person, doesn’t know about the extremity. So temporariness and life are known only to person.
Слайд 39He promoted hermeneutics development as an independent doctrine about understanding art.
A problem of such art is working out (решать) the problems of interpretation guaranteeing correct understanding.
Слайд 40Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911)
tried to develop methodology of humanitarian knowledge which
he understood as “the critique the historical reason”.
Слайд 44Deconstruction is directed on overcoming of the metaphysical senses containing in
text, created according to old program of thinking
Слайд 46Theory of epistemes (types of thinking)
Discourse
Systems of thinking
Prison, appearance
of clinic
