Middle english syntax and vocabulary презентация

servant
• occasionally after the noun in poetry
shoures soote
showers sweet

the noun, the rest after it
a gode wyt and a retentyff
a good wit and a retentive
• in possessive, no apostrophe
oþer mens prosperite
• the ‘s sometimes became -is
go to þe raven is neste
go to the raven’s nest
• ME: first occurrence of of for possessive
aftyr þe lawes of our londe
according to the laws of our land

Lancastre
the Duke of Lancaster’s place
• double possessive (both of and possessive pronoun) came in with ME
the capteyn…toke awey .j. obligacion of myn
the captain…took away one obligation of mine

more often than in MnE
ye shul first in alle youre werkes
you must first in all your works
mekely biseken to the heighe God
meekly beseech to the high God
• the negative ne always came before the main verb, and often contracted with it
I nolde fange a ferthynge for seynt Thomas shryne
I would not take a farthing for St. Thomas’ shrine
• as in OE, double negatives very common
He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde / In all his lyf unto no maner wight (Chaucer)

clauses, prepositions usually came at or near the end of the phrase
the place that I of speke
the place that I of speak
preciouse stanes þat he myght by a kingdom with
precious stones that he might buy a kingdom with

don oure kunne wo
You have done our family woe
• Progressive tense (be + pres. participle) also developed (sometimes with in or on)
For now is gode Gawayn goande ryʒt here
For now is good Gawain going right here
I am yn beldynge of a pore hous
I am (in) building of a poor house

mark the future tense
Quan al mankinde…Sal ben fro dede to live broʒt
When all mankind…shall be from dead to living brought
and swiche wolle have the kyngdom of helle
and such will have the kingdom of hell
• note that shall still had a degree of obligation (“must”), and will of volition (“want to”)

be
that I may rich be
• but the subjunctive is still more common in ME than MnE:
how lawful so it were
however lawful it might be
why nere I deed!
why am I not dead!

so may not the hors do
camels can forgo drink and thus can not the horse do
As a causative (like make or have)
al hys halles I wol do peynte with pure gold
all his halls I will have painted with pure gold
Next to a main verb (emphatic? Not really)
unto the mayde that hir doth serve
to the maid that her does serve
Negative and interrogative clauses began in ME, still not as common as simple verb
my maister dyd not graunt it
Fader, why do ye wepe?

occasionally found
þat ðu þis weork naht ne forlate
that you this work not (not) neglect
• VSO regular for questions and commands
Gaf ye the chyld any thyng?
Gave you the child any thing?
Bryng ye the hors
Bring you the horse

haue mad and wretyn
The book I have made and written
• OVS was still common for the same thing
Clothis have they none
Clothes have they none

Launcelot had a condicion that he used of custom to clatir in his slepe and to speke oftyn of hyls lady, quene gwenyver. So sir Launcelot had awayked as long as hit had pleased hym, and so by course of kynde he slepte and dame Elayne bothe. And in his slepe he talked and claterde as a jay of the love that bene betwyxte quene Gwenyver and hym, and so as he talked so lowde the quene harde hym thereas she lay in her chambir. And whan she harde hym so clattir she was wrothe oute of mesure, and for anger and payne wist not what to do, and than she cowghed so lowde that sir Launcelot awaked. (Malory, Morte d’Arthur)
used of custom was accustomed to clatir chatter
kynde nature wist knew

of vocabulary: colloquial/formal, everyday/technical, general/specialized - English became more cosmopolitan
Loss of inflectional system made it easier to borrow (no worries about gender, declension); cf. Russian, Japanese
Also, English has many phonemes - not hard to say foreign words

Midlands), then spread
1150-1250: anger, bag, band, bloom, both, bound (going to), bull, cake, call, carp (complain), cast, clip (cut), club, die, egg, fellow, flit, gad gape, gear, get hit, husband, ill, kid, kindle, loan, loft, loose, low, meek, muck, raise, ransack, rid, root, rotten, sale, same scab, scale, scare, scathe, score (20), seat, seem skill, skin, sky sly, snare, swain, take, thrall, thrive, thrust, thwart, trust, ugly, wand, want wassail, window, wing
1250-1350: awe, bait, ball, bark (of tree), bat (the animal), birth, blend, bole, bracken, brad, brunt, crawl, dirt, dregs, droop, flat, flaw, geld, gift, girth, glitter, leg, lift, likely, midden, mire, mistake, odd, race, rag, rive, rugged, skate (the fish), slaughter, sleight, slight, snub, stack, stagger, stem, teem, weak, whirl
1350-1500: awkward, bask, bawl, bulk, down (feathers), eddy, firth, flag, freckle, froth, gap, gasp, keel, keg, leak, link, raft, reef (sail), reindeer, scant, scrap, steak, tatter, tether, tyke

words
hātan > call
bā > both
niman/fōn > take
• partial replacement
hēofon > sky
Norse crawl, English creep
• cognate doublets:
Norse raise, skin, skirt
English rear, shin, shirt
• -son in personal names (Nelson, Anderson) - extended to English names (Edwardson, Edmundson) and French names (Jackson, Richardson)

generations to get comfortable with French words
Very few English texts before 1200
• French loans in all fields
• cf. Italian (music, architecture, painting, not much else)
• cuisine: bake, sauté, serve, plate, casserole, fork, stir, mince, roast, fry (lasagne, spaghetti, pizza, pesto)

gentle(man), noble, peer, peasant, servant, villein, page, courtier, squire, madam, sir, princess, duke, count, marquis, baron
The House And Its Furnishings
Porch, cellar, pantry, closet, parlor, chimney, arch, (window)pane, wardrobe, chair, table, lamp, couch, cushion, mirror, curtain, quilt, counterpane, towel, blanket
Food and Eating
Dinner, supper, taste, broil, fry, plate, goblet, serve, beverage, sauce, salad, gravy, fruit, grape, beef, pork, mutton, salmon, sugar, onion, cloves, mustard
Fashion
Fashion, dress, garment, coat, cloak, pantaloons, bonnet, boots, serge, cotton, satin, fur, button, ribbon, baste, embroider, pleat, gusset, jewel, pearl, bracelet

terrier, falcon, stallion, park, dance, chess, checkers, minstrel, fool, prize, tennis, racket, disport, audience, entertain, amusement, recreation
Arts, Music, Literature
Art, painting, sculpture, portrait, color, music, melody, lute, tabor, hautboy, carol, poet, story, rime, chapter, title, romance, lay, tragedy, rondel, ballad
Education
Study, science, reason, university, college, dean, form, train, grammar, noun, subject, test, indite, pupil, copy, pen, pencil, paper, page, chapter, tome, lectern, dais
Medicine
Medicine, surgeon, pain, disease, remedy, cure, contagious, plague, humor, pulses, fracture, ague, gout, distemper, drug, balm, herb, powder, sulfur, bandage, ointment, poison

rule, reign, public, crown, court, police, tyranny, subsidy, tax, counselor, treasurer, exchequer, register, mayor, citizen
Law
Judge, jury, appeal, evidence, inquest, accuse, proof, convict, pardon, attorney, heir, state, broker, fine, punish, prison, crime, felony, arson, innocent, just
The Church
Chapel, choir, cloister, crucifix, religion, clergy, chaplain, parson, sermon, matins, confession, penance, pray, anoint, absolve, trinity, faith, miracle, temptation, heresy, divine, salvation
The Military
Enemy, battle, defense, peace, force, advance, capture, siege, attack, retreat, army, navy, soldier, guard, sergeant, captain, spy, moat, order, march, trophy

dally, enter, face, fail, fine, flower, fresh, grease, grouch, hello, hurt, join, kerchief, large, letter, line, mischief, move, offer, part, pay, people, piece, place, please, poor, pure, rock, roll, save, search, sign, square, stuff, strange, sure, touch, try, turn, use

agriculture Lat.), but:
Acre, loam, field, hedge, furrow, sow, till, reap, harvest, plough, sickle, scythe, shovel, spade, rake, seed, what, barley, corn, beans, oats, grass, hay, fodder, ox, horse, cow, swine, sheep, hen, goose, duck, sty, pen, barn, fold (all English)
No place-name elements (no all-French settlements)

they etc. < ON)
Prepositions/conjunctions:
in spite of, because, during, regarding, in case
• borrowed as nouns/verbs, then made into function words when naturalized:
cause (early 13th c.)
by cause of (mid-14th c.)
because (late 14th c.)

from Parisian French
Sometimes hard to tell which, but:
Germanic loans into French: /gw/ became /w/ in Norman, /g/ in Parisian
Wile/guile, warranty/guarantee, war/garrison, wage/gauge
In Norman, /k/ before /a/ remained, in Parisian changed to /č/
Canal/channel, cattle/chattels, catch/chase, car/chariot
Quite a few French loans were originally Germanic loans into French - more doublets:
Equip/ship, soup/sop, grape/grapple (OF grape = hook)

comprehend, lunatic, lapidary, temporal
• real flood in Early Modern period

loop
• through French:
Car, change, garter, mutton, socket, vassal

loans
Seafaring
Halibut, pump, shore, skipper, whiting
Containers
Bundle, bung, cork, dowel, firkin, tub
Trade: trade, huckster
Wool Trade: nap, selvage
Misc
Clock, damp, grime, luck, offal, scour, speckle, splinter, tallow, wriggle

phlegm, synod, physic
Arabic (all through French or Latin)
Azimuth, ream, saffron, cipher, alkali
Persian (through other languages)
Borax, mummy, musk, spinach, taffeta, lemon
Hebrew (French/Latin): jubilee, leviathan, cider
Slavic sable, Hungarian coach (French)
Unknown
Bicker, big, boy, clasp, junk, kidney, las, noose, puzzle, roam, slender, throb, wallet

toadstool, bagpipe, nightmare
Adjective + noun sweetheart, wildfire, quicksand
Adverb + noun insight, afternoon, upland
Noun + verb (new to ME) sunshine, nosebleed
Verb + noun (also new) hangman, pastime, whirlwind
Verb + adverb (new) runabout, lean-to
Adverb + verb (new) outcome, outcast, upset
French and Latin compounds (noun + adj) knight-errant, heir-apparent, sum total

+ verb outline, uphold, overturn, underwrite
Noun + verb (new) manhandle
‘Invisible’ Compounds
Cockney (cock + egg), gossamer (goose + summer)
Compounds treated as single words
Dismal (Lat. Dies mali ‘evil days’)
Porcupine (Fr. Porc espin ‘spiny pig’)

(foreign), ymb- (around), to- (motion toward), -end (agent nouns)
• survival in preexisting words: withstand, forsake, motherhood

-al, -ery, -ess, -ify, -ist, -ity,
-ment still used, but not likely for native roots (discernment, containment, but not understandment, knowment)

Formation (coining a word by mistakenly assuming that an existing word is derived from it)
Latin aspis (sing.) > asp
ON foggy >fog
OE dawning > dawn

+ roll)
Scrawl (sprout + crawl)
Quaver (quake + waver)
From Names
Jay (Lat. Gaius)
Jacket (Fr. Jacques)
Magnet (Magnesia)
Scallion (Ascalo)
Damson (Damascus)