Compound and complex sentences and the transformational model презентация

transformational model 2.1. Transformational grammar 2.2. Transformations in compound sentences 2.3. Transformations in complex sentences
3. The list of sources

sentence, is formed by two or more predicative lines. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated act of thought, i. e. an act of mental activity which falls into two or more intellectual efforts closely combined with one another. …the composite sentence reflects two or more situational events viewed as making up a unity; the constitutive connections of the events are expressed by the constitutive connections of the predicative lines of the sentence, i. e. by the sentential polypredication”
Бархударов Л.С.:«Смысловое и грамматическое объединение двух и более предложений называется сложным предложением.»

Asyndetic
(conjunctional) (non- conjunctional)
Yesterday I bought a penny fiddle Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
And put it to my chin to play, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;
But I found its strings painted, All the king’s horses,
So I threw my fiddle away. And all the king’s men
Cannot put Humpty Dumpty
together again.

Coordination (equal rank)

base sentences connected on the principle of coordination either syndetically or asyndetically.
e. g. He got his hither instead, and reached over, and drew in the end of the tow-line; and they made a loop in it, and put it over their mast, and then they tided up the sculls, and went and set down in the stern, and lit their pipes. (J. Jerome).

of coordination. The semi- compound sentence consists of minimum two base sentences having an identical element belonging to one or both of their principal syntactic positions E.g.: John smiled and paid the money.

clauses are connected by means of a subordinated conjunction, conjunctive or relative pronouns or asyndetically.
E. g.: I have been thinking of Cambridge all through dinner, after (a conjunction) Martin had mentioned a friend of mine who (a relative pronoun) had been killed that spring.
E. g.: He seemed to be asking what (a conjunctive pronoun) what the matter with me.
E. g.: He asked me if (a conjunction) I was satisfied with the way (asyndetic subordination) I have spent my life.

of subordination. It is derived from minimum two base sentences, one matrix and one insert. The matrix sentence is its dominant part and the insert sentence, its subordinate semi-clause. E.g.: We finally found it lying in a corner.

clauses:
Subject clause
Predicative clause
Object clause
Attribute clause (relative, appositive)
Adverbial clause

language contains a rather small number of “kernel” (basic) sentences and other linguistic forms (such as morphemes and phonemes) and all others are derived or generated from these kernel elements by certain derivation rules which are not very numerous or difficult.

semi-complex sentences)
Transformation of nominalization

does work.
Does the car work?
What works?
The car does not work.
The car did not work.

car.
The car’s work.
The working car.
For the car to work.
The car’s working.

car works and hums.
When the car works it hums.
Working, the car hums.
When working the car hums.
I like when the car works.

S1 +S2 Compound S3
Two kernel sentences are joined together into a compound sentence by conjunction:
1.The man came to the window. The man came to
2.The detective saw him. the window, and
the detective saw him.
The connection can involve substitution, permutation:
1. We asked for his slides.
2. He showed us his slides.
The result is: We asked for his slides, and he showed them to us.
The connection can involve substitution of an identical V and addition of ‘so’ and ‘neither’:
I shall make a fair copy of the dictation.
He will make a fair copy of the dictation.
The result: I shall make a fair copy of the dictation and so will he.
The connection can involve deletion:
He rushed to the door, she to the window.

round the identical NP-subject
1. I must go.
2. I must put the car away. I must go and put the caraway.

2. Overlapping round the identical verb
1. Brenda laughed.
2. John laughed. Brenda and John laughed.

3. Overlapping round both the identical NP-subjects and the identical verbs.
1. Doris felt helpless.
2. Doris felt angry. Doris felt helpless and
angry.

Complex S3
Three types of subordinators:
N-subordinators (or conjunctives),
A-subordinators (or relatives),
D-subordinators.
Three types of complex sentences:
complex sentences with N-clauses,
complex sentences with A-clauses,
complex sentences with D-clauses.

(conjunctives): what (whatever), who (whoever), when (whenever), where (wherever), as if, as though, that, whom (whomever), which (whichever), how
NP-Subject Position: What the telegram said was not clear.
NP-Predicative Position: The question is how we get there.
NP-Object Position: I knew that he was steady.
2. Complex Sentences with A-Clauses
The main relatives are: who (whom), whose, which, that, where, when, why, as.
E.g:The man whose family are far away feels lonely.
3. Complex Sentences with D-Clauses
The D-subordinators are: when, while, as, since, for, because, as if.
E.g.:They discussed the play as they rode home.

Semi-complex S3
Two ways of connecting sentences:
changing the finite verb into a Vto (an infinitive) or Ving (a participle); deleting BE;
the two sentences overlapping round the common element, which is shared by them now.
There were no birds. There were no birds to sing.
The birds could sing.

We finally found it. We finally found it lying in a corner.
It lay in a corner.

I have a bad tooth. I have my bad tooth filled.
My tooth is filled.

breathless.
Object sharing
I saw him. I saw him walking.
He was walking.
Three types of relations in semi-complex sentences:
1) Simultaneity
I saw her cross (crossing) the street.
2) Cause and Result Relations
They painted the fence white.
3)   Information of the Event Thought of, Spoken of, or Wished for
I know him to be a good dancer.

Морфология и синтаксис. – М: Философский факультет МГУ, 1998.
2.     Бархударов Л.С., Шеллинг Д.А. Грамматика английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1973.
3.     Blokh M.Y. A course in theoretical English grammar. – M, 1994.
4.     Ilyish B.A. The structure of Modern English. – M., 1971.
5.     Iofic L.L., Chakhoyan L.P. Readings in the theory of English Grammar. – Leningrad, 1972.
6.     Irtenyeva N.F., Shapkin A.P., Blokh M.Y. The structure of the English sentence. – M., 1968.
7.     Irtenyeva N.F., Barsova O.M. Shapkin A.P., Blokh M.Y. A theoretical English grammar. – M., 1969.
8.     Kobrina N.A., Korneyeva E.A. An Outline of Modern English Syntax. – M., 1965.
9.     Khaimovich B.S., Rogovskaya B.I., Shapkin A.P. A course in English grammar. – M., 1967.

… a) subordination b) coordination c) other 2.The following conjunctions when, who, where are typical for: a) complex b) compound c) composite 3.Match the type of connection between the clauses in compound sentences and their meanings
Copulative Cause and consequence
Disjunctive Addition
Adversative Choice
Causative-consecutive Result
Resultative Contrast

4. How many kernel sentences are given in transformational grammar?

5. Match the sentences with their symbolic representation:
N V She is a doctor.
N VN The workers went there.
N VPN The girl is pretty.
N BE N We will take it.
N BE A The policeman looked at him.
N BE PN The pen is here.
N BE D The paper is of importance

Causative – consecutive- cause, consequence
Resultative - result
4. 7
5. The workers went there (N V)
We will take it ( N V N)
The policeman looked at him ( N V PN)
She is a doctor(N BE N)
The girl is pretty (N BE A )
The paper is of importance ( N BE P N)
The pen is here ( N BE D)